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The cold congeal and blood stasis syndrome is a common clinical traditional Chinese medicine（TCM） syndrome. The animal model of cold ongeal and blood stasis syndrome is the basis for exploring the essence of TCM cold congeal and blood stasis syndrome，and the premise of follow-up TCM clinical research.This paper summarized the preparation method， theoretical support，and evaluation method of animal models of cold congeal and blood stasis syndrome in recent years and analysed the strengthens and weaknesses of different models. At present，the common animal models of cold congeal and blood stasis syndrome mainly include etiological model，etiological and pathological composite model and disease-syndrome combination model. The etiological model was mainly prepared by cold exposure，which could be divided into whole-body freezing， ice bath and local frostbite. The etiological and pathological composite model was mainly prepared by cold stimulation combined with epinephrine injection. The common disease-syndrome combination models included the coronary heart disease model of cold congeal and blood stasis syndrome，primary dysmenorrhea model of cold congeal and blood stasis syndrome，endometriosis model of cold congeal and blood stasis syndrome， and arteriosclerosis obliterans model of cold congeal and blood stasis syndrome. The three models have both advantages and disadvantages. Specifically， the disease-syndrome combination model had the highest consistency with clinical practice and was more reliable and practical. However， the disease types of this model were specific，and the combination method of disease and syndrome was controversial. The evaluation indicators of the animal models of cold congeal and blood stasis syndrome focused on the characterization of the syndrome and the physico-chemical indicators related to blood flow，such as blood rheology，coagulation function and microcirculation. In addition， some scholars explored the evaluation indicators from the aspects of vasomotor function，endocrine and energy metabolism. The objectivity and specificity of the current model evaluation methods needed to be further improved. The research of animal model of cold congeal and blood stasis syndrome should be based on clinical practice and oriented by clinical demand. Only by establishing animal models that are highly consistent with the characteristics of clinical disease and syndrome can we better reveal the essence of cold congeal and blood stasis syndrome and promote the modernization of TCM.
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Objective To have SD rats inhaled with different drugs,and observe their lung pathological change of lungs through light microscopy,in order to evaluate the safety of different drugs inhaled by natural rats. Methods A total of 40 rats were randomly divided into 8 groups,and every group had 5 rats,including blank control groups,9 g/L saline group,Salbutamol group,Dingchuantang group,Shuanghuanglian group,Centamicin group,Danshen group,Silicon dioxide group,twice a day,last 56 days totally. Then,blood and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid were collected and analyzed for cell count,percent of each type of cell,to measure the severity of the inflammation. Additionally,histopathology re-vealed the lungˊs pathological change and the number of dust cell;while immunohistochemistry revealed CD163 respon-ding. Results (1)White blood cell count:blank control group(3. 96 ± 0. 36)×109/L,9 g/L saline group(4. 66 ± 0. 58)×109/L,Salbutamol group(4. 06 ± 0. 86)×109/L,Dingchuantang group(8. 98 ± 1. 08)×109/L,Shuanghuang-lian group(7. 10 ± 0. 88)×109/L,Centamicin group(6. 14 ± 0. 89)×109/L,Danshen group(9. 84 ± 2. 33)×109/L, Silicon dioxide group(8. 99 ± 2. 48)×109/L,and comparative analysis of the 8 groups had significant difference(F＝14. 530,P<0. 05);the differences among blank control group,9 g/L saline group and Salbutamol group were not sig- nificant(all P>0. 05). White cell count in BALF:blank control group(2. 16 ± 1. 04)×109/L,9 g/L saline group (3. 94 ± 0. 67)×109/L,Salbutamol group(4. 36 ± 1. 15)×109/L,Dingchuantang group(14. 58 ± 2. 93)×109/L, Shuanghuanglian group(19. 68 ± 6. 29)×109/L,Gentamicin group(11. 74 ± 1. 03)×109/L,Danshen group(44. 75 ± 10. 8)×109/L,Silicon dioxide group(53. 54 ± 14. 25)×109/L,and comparative analysis of the 8 groups had signifi-cant difference(F＝40. 616,P<0. 05);the differences among blank control group,9 g/L saline group and Salbutamol group were not significant(all P>0. 05). Lymphocyte count in BALF:blank control group(18. 70 ± 9. 00)×108/L, 9 g/L saline group( 36. 01 ± 5. 99 )×108/L,Salbutamol group( 38. 95 ± 11. 69 )×108/L,Dingchuantang group (132. 70 ± 26. 94)×108/L,Shuanghuanglian group(173. 56 ± 57. 6)×108/L,Gentamicin group(106. 60 ± 16. 76)× 108/L,Danshen group(340. 63 ± 70. 97)×108/L,Silicon dioxide group(495. 63 ± 131. 95)×108/L,and comparative analysis of the 8 groups had significant difference(F＝41. 980,P<0. 05);the differences among blank control group, 9 g/L saline group and Salbutamol group were not significant(all P>0. 05).(2)Number of lung dust cell count in 10 sight of high light microscopy:blank control group 12/10 HP,9 g/L saline group 26/10 HP,Salbutamol group 17/10 HP,Dingchuantang group 262/10 HP,Shuanghuanglian group 133/10 HP,Gentamicin group 109/10 HP,Danshen group 96/10 HP,Silicon dioxide group 315/10 HP,and comparative analysis of the 8 groups had significant difference (F＝69. 915,P<0. 05);the differences among blank control group,9 g/L saline group and Salbutamol group were not significant(all P>0. 05).(3)Hematoxylin-eosin staining of lung:blank control group,9 g/L saline group and Sal-butamol group had no pathological change in the lung,but Salbutamol group,Dingchuantang group,Shuanghuanglian group,Gentamicin group,Danshen group and Silicon dioxide group had pathological changes in different degrees.(4) Immunohistochemistry of CD163 responding:blank control group,9 g/L saline group and Salbutamol group had negative expression,Salbutamol group,Dingchuantang group,Shuanghuanglian group,Gentamicin group,Danshen group and Sili-con dioxide group had positive expression in different degrees. Conclusions 9 g/L saline,salbutamol for atomized inhalation does not cause lung tissue damage;Long-term use of non-atomized drugs in atomization can cause lung tissue injury in SD rats,and the severity varies with specific drugs.
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Objective@#To investigate right ventricular function in patients with pneumoconiosis, and to provide a basis for quantitative diagnosis and treatment of pneumoconiosis in clinical practice.@*Methods@#A total of 43 patients with pneumoconiosis who were hospitalized consecutively in Shijiazhuang Prevention and Treatment Center for Occupational Diseases from May 2015 to May 2016 were enrolled, and according to the stage of pneumoconiosis, they were divided into stage I group with 16 patients, stage II group with 14 patients, and stage III group with 13 patients. A total of 16 healthy subjects were enrolled as control group. Echocardiography was performed and the relevant parameters were recorded, i.e., right ventricular transverse diameter (RVTD), tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion (TAPSE), and right ventricular myocardial performance index(Tei index).@*Results@#There were significant differences in Tei index and TAPSE between all groups (P <0.05) except between the stage I group and the control group in terms of Tei index (P>0.05) and between the stage I group and the stage II group in terms of TAPSE (P>0.05). Right ventricular Tei index was negatively correlated with TAPSE (r=-0.547,P<0.05).@*Conclusion@#A combination of right ventricular Tei index and TAPSE can be used for early quantitative evaluation of right ventricular function in patients with pneumoconiosis.
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The Community-Acquired Respiratory Distress Syndrome toxin (CARDS TX) is one of the most important toxins produced by the Mycoplasma pneumoniae.The synthesis,distribution and bioactivity of this toxin have been gradually studied.It has been shown that CARDS TX has impact on the inflammation induced by Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection,and poorly controlled asthma. With further study on the pathomechanism of the CARDS TX, it would become a new key in arriving early or confirmed diagnosis and treatment about Mycoplasmal pneumonia.
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Objective To explore the changes of plasma level of adrenomedullin(ADM)in congenital heart disease patients with heart failure,analyze the relationship between ADM and the severity of heart failure, assess the value of plasma ADM in the diagnosis of CHF and evaluate the cardiac function in pediatric patients with congenital heart disease. Methods 46 patients with CHD were enrolled according to the modified Ross Score. They were divided into three groups:mild CHF group(n = 16)and moderate CHF group(n = 18)and severe CHF group(n = 12). 25 matched normal children were enrolled as controls. Plasma ADM was measured with radioimmunoassay(RIA)and the contents of NT-proBNP were determined among all the patients. LVEF and E/A in all of them were also detected. The relationship between plasma ADM level and modified Ross Score and echocardiographic cardiac functional indexes was analyzed. Results Plasma ADM was positively correlated with modified Ross Score(r = 0.65,P < 0.01). Plasma ADM concentration in the severe CHF group was significantly higher than that of mild and moderate CHF group(P < 0.01),and plasma ADM concentration in the mild CHF group was higher than that in the control group(P<0.05).Plasma ADM was negatively correlated with LVEF and E/A(r =-1.05,P < 0.01). Conclusion Plasma ADM level could be used to assess cardiac function and diag-nose CHF with CHD.
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OBJECTIVE:To prepare itraconazole self-emulsifying solution and evaluate its quality.METHODS:Through equilibrium solubility experiment,the formulation of itraconazole self-emulsifying solution was obtained by optimizing the compatible ratio of oil phase with emulsifier and co-emulsifier.The morphology,particle size,zeta potential and drug loading content of the microemulsion were examined after being diluted by water.RESULTS:The formulation of the self-emulsifying solution was tocopherol acetate (oil phase)-Transcutol P (emulsifier)-Cremophor RH40 (co-emulsifier) (3∶12∶5).The morphology of microemulsion was homogeneous small spherical drops observed under the electron microscope,with particle size and Zeta potential at (296.1?90.7) nm and (—13.2?1.6) mV,respectively.The drug loading con-tent was 9.88%.CONCLUSION:The itraconazole self-emulsifying solution was proved to be stable and reliable in quality.